Paunoona mota, pfungwa yako yekutanga ingangove ruvara rwemuviri. Nhasi uno, kuva nependi inopenya yakanaka ndeimwe yemitemo yekutanga yekugadzira mota. Asi makore anopfuura zana apfuura, kupenda mota kwaisava nyore, uye kwakanga kusina kunaka zvakanyanya kupfuura zvakuri nhasi. Pendi yemotokari yakashanduka sei kusvika payava nhasi? Surley achakuudza nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yekuputira pendi yemotokari.
Masekondi gumi ekunzwisisa rugwaro rwakazara:
1,LacquerYakatangira kuChina, nyika dzekuMadokero dzakatungamira mushure mekuchinja kwemaindasitiri.
2, Pendi yechisikigo inooma zvishoma nezvishoma, zvichikanganisa kushanda zvakanaka kwemaitiro ekugadzira mota, DuPont yakagadzira kuomesa nekukurumidzapendi ye nitro.
3, Pfuti dzekupfapfaidzainotsiva mabhurashi, zvichiita kuti pendi ive yakafanana.
4, Kubva pa alkyd kusvika ku acrylic, kutsvaga kugara kwenguva refu uye kusiyana-siyana kuri kuenderera mberi.
5, Kubva pa "kupfapfaidza" kusvika pa "kudipa"Nekugezesa ne lacquer, kutsvaga pendi yemhando yepamusoro kunosvika pakuita kuti iwedzere kunaka uye kuisa electrode position.
6, Kutsiva nependi inobva mumvuramukutsvaga kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza.
7, Iye zvino uye mune ramangwana, tekinoroji yekupenda iri kuramba ichikura kupfuura fungidziro,kunyangwe pasina pendi.
Basa guru rependi nderekudzivirira kukwegura
Maonero evanhu vazhinji nezvebasa rependi ndeekupa zvinhu mavara akajeka, asi kubva pakuona kwekugadzira maindasitiri, ruvara chinhu chechipiri chinodiwa; ngura uye kudzivirira kukwegura ndicho chinangwa chikuru. Kubva pamazuva ekutanga ekubatanidzwa kwesimbi nematanda kusvika kumuviri wakachena wesimbi wanhasi, muviri wemotokari unoda pendi sechikamu chinodzivirira. Matambudziko anotarisana nechikamu chependi ndeekusakara kwechisikigo senge zuva, jecha nemvura, kukuvara kwemuviri senge kukwesha, kukwesha nekurovera, uye kukurwa kwevhu senge munyu netsvina yemhuka. Mukushanduka kwetekinoroji yekupenda, maitiro acho ari kukura zvishoma nezvishoma uye anoshanda uye akasimba uye akanaka eganda remuviri kuti rigadzirise zviri nani matambudziko aya.
Lacquer kubva kuChina
Lacquer ine nhoroondo refu kwazvo uye, zvinosuwisa, chinzvimbo chikuru muhunyanzvi hwekugadzira lacquer chaive cheChina isati yatanga Industrial Revolution. Kushandiswa kwelacquer kwakatangira munguva yeNeolithic, uye mushure menguva yeHondo dzeNyika, mhizha dzakashandisa mafuta e tung akatorwa kubva mumbeu yemuti we tung ndokuwedzera lacquer yechisikigo kuti dzigadzire musanganiswa wependi, kunyangwe panguva iyoyo lacquer yaive chinhu cheumbozha kune vakuru vakuru. Mushure mekugadzwa kweMing Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang akatanga kugadzira indasitiri ye lacquer yehurumende, uye tekinoroji yependi yakawedzera nekukurumidza. Basa rekutanga reChinese pahunyanzvi hwekupenda, "The Book of Painting", rakaunganidzwa naHuang Cheng, mugadziri we lacquer muMing Dynasty. Nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji uye kutengeserana kwemukati nekunze, lacquerware yakagadzira sisitimu yakakura yeindasitiri yemabasa emaoko muMing Dynasty.
Pendi yemafuta e-tung yakanyanyisa kugadzirwa muMing Dynasty ndiyo yaive kiyi yekugadzira ngarava. Nyanzvi yekuSpain yemuzana remakore rechi16 Mendoza akataura mubhuku rake rinonzi "History of the Greater China Empire" kuti ngarava dzekuChina dzakaputirwa nemafuta e-tung dzaive nehupenyu hwenguva yakapetwa kaviri kupfuura ngarava dzekuEurope.
Pakati pezana remakore rechi18, Europe yakazopedzisira yabudirira uye yave nyanzvi yetekinoroji yependi yemafuta etung, uye indasitiri yependi yeEurope yakachinja zvishoma nezvishoma. Mafuta etung, kunze kwekushandiswa kwelacquer, aivewo chinhu chakakosha kune mamwe maindasitiri, achiri kushandiswa neChina, uye akava chinhu chakakosha mumaindasitiri mukuchinja kwemaindasitiri maviri kusvika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, apo miti yetung yakasimwa kuNorth neSouth America yakatanga kuumbwa, izvo zvakaputsa kutonga kweChina kwezvinhu zvekugadzira.
Kuomesa hakuchatore mazuva anosvika makumi mashanu
Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, mota dzaive dzichiri kugadzirwa dzichishandisa pendi dzechisikigo dzakadai semafuta embeu yelinseed se binder.
Kunyangwe Ford, iyo yakatanga kugadzira mota, yakashandisa pendi nhema yekuJapan chete zvakanyanya kuti ikwanise kukurumidza kugadzira nekuti inooma nekukurumidza, asi pamusoro pezvose, ichiri pendi yechisikigo, uye pendi yacho ichiri kuda anopfuura vhiki kuti iome.
Mumakore ekuma1920, DuPont akashanda papendi ye nitrocellulose yaioma nekukurumidza (inozivikanwawo se nitrocellulose pendi) yaiita kuti vagadziri vemotokari vanyemwerere, vasingachafaniri kushanda pamotokari dzine pendi yakareba kudaro.
Pakazosvika 1921, DuPont yakanga yatove mutungamiriri mukugadzira mafirimu emhando yenitrate, sezvo yakatendeukira kuzvigadzirwa zve nitrocellulose-based non-blasts kuti itore nzvimbo huru dzayakanga yavaka panguva yehondo. Pazuva raipisa reChishanu masikati muna Chikunguru 1921, mushandi wepafekitori yemafirimu eDuPont akasiya bhareni renitrate cotton fiber padoko asati abva kubasa. Paakaivhura zvakare neMuvhuro mangwanani, akawana kuti bhaketi rakanga rashanduka kuita mvura yakajeka, ine viscous iyo yaizozova hwaro hwependi ye nitrocellulose. Muna 1924, DuPont yakagadzira pendi yeDUCO nitrocellulose, ichishandisa nitrocellulose sechinhu chikuru uye ichiwedzera ma resin ekugadzira, mapurasitiki, zvinonyungudutsa uye zvinoomesa kuti zvisanganisirwe. Chinhu chikuru chependi ye nitrocellulose ndechekuti inooma nekukurumidza, zvichienzaniswa nependi yechisikigo inotora vhiki kana kunyange mavhiki kuti iome, pendi ye nitrocellulose inotora maawa maviri chete kuti iome, zvichiwedzera kukurumidza kwekupenda. Muna 1924, dzinenge dzese nzira dzekugadzira dzeGeneral Motors dzaishandisa pendi yeDuco nitrocellulose.
Zviri pachena kuti pendi ye nitrocellulose ine matambudziko ayo. Kana ikapfapfaidzwa munzvimbo ine hunyoro, firimu racho rinoshanduka kuva jena nyore nyore uye rinorasikirwa nekupenya kwaro. Pendi yakagadzirwa haina simba rekudzivirira ngura kune zvinonyungudutsa zvinobva mupetroleum, zvakaita sepeturu, izvo zvinogona kukuvadza pendi, uye gasi remafuta rinobuda panguva yekudira peturu rinogona kukurumidzisa kuora kwependi yakapoteredza.
Kutsiva mabhurashi nepfuti dzekupfapfaidza kuti pendi isaparare
Kuwedzera kune hunhu hwependi pachayo, nzira yekupenda yakakoshawo zvikuru pakusimba uye kugara kwenguva refu kwependi. Kushandiswa kwepfuti dzekupfapfaidza kwaive chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo yetekinoroji yekupenda. Pfuti yekupfapfaidza yakaunzwa zvizere mumunda wekupenda kwemaindasitiri muna 1923 uye muindasitiri yemotokari muna 1924.
Saka mhuri yaDeVilbiss yakavamba DeVilbiss, kambani inozivikanwa pasi rose inonyanya kushandisa tekinoroji yeatomu. Gare gare, mwanakomana waAlan DeVilbiss, Tom DeVilbiss, akaberekwa. Mwanakomana waDr. Alan DeVilbiss, Tom DeVilbiss, akatora chigadzirwa chababa vake kunze kwechikamu chekurapa. DeVilbiss akatora chigadzirwa chababa vake kunze kwechikamu chekurapa ndokushandura atomizer yekutanga kuita pfuti yekupfapfaidza yekupenda.
Munyaya yekupenda mumaindasitiri, mabhurashi ari kukurumidza kusashanda nekuda kwepfuti dzinopfapfaidza. deVilbiss anga achishanda muchikamu cheatomuization kwemakore anopfuura zana uye iye zvino ndiye anotungamira muchikamu chepfuti dzinopfapfaidza mumaindasitiri uye maatomu ekurapa.
Kubva paalkyd kusvika ku acrylic, inogara kwenguva refu uye yakasimba
Mumakore ekuma1930, pendi ye alkyd resin enamel, inonzi alkyd enamel pendi, yakapinzwa mukuita kwekupenda kwemotokari. Zvikamu zvesimbi zvemuviri wemotokari zvakapfapfaidzwa nerudzi urwu rwependi zvozoomeswa muovheni kuti zvigadzire pendi yakasimba kwazvo. Zvichienzaniswa nependi dze nitrocellulose, pendi dze alkyd enamel dzinokurumidza kuiswa, dzinoda matanho maviri kusvika matatu chete zvichienzaniswa nematanho matatu kusvika mana ependi dze nitrocellulose. Pendi dze enamel hadzingoome nekukurumidza chete, asiwo dzinoramba kunyungudutsa senge peturu.
Zvisinei, dambudziko re alkyd enamel nderekuti vanotya chiedza chezuva, uye kana vachiedza kupenya kwezuva, pendi inozopiswa nekukurumidza uye ruvara ruchakurumidza kupera uye rusina kujeka, dzimwe nguva maitiro aya anogona kutoitika mukati memwedzi mishoma chete. Pasinei nekushata kwawo, alkyd resins hadzina kubviswa zvachose uye dzichiri chikamu chakakosha chetekinoroji yemazuva ano yekuputira. Mapende e acrylic e thermoplastic akaonekwa muma1940, zvichivandudza zvikuru kushongedza uye kugara kwenguva refu kwekupedzisira, uye muna 1955, General Motors vakatanga kupenda mota ne acrylic resin itsva. Rudzi rwependi iyi rwaive rwakasiyana uye rwaida kupfapfaidzwa nemafuta mashoma, nokudaro zvichida ma coat akawanda. Hunhu uhwu hwairatidzika kunge husina kunaka hwaive mukana panguva iyoyo nekuti hwaibvumira kuiswa kwe simbi flakes mu coat. Varnish ye acrylic yakapfapfaidzwa ne viscosity yekutanga yakaderera, zvichiita kuti simbi flakes dzive dzakatetepa kuti dzigadzire layer inopenya, uye viscosity yakawedzera nekukurumidza kuti ibate simbi flakes panzvimbo. Saka, pendi yesimbi yakazvarwa.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti nguva iyi yakaona kufambira mberi kamwe kamwe muhunyanzvi hwekupenda acrylic muEurope. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nemirau yakaiswa kunyika dzeEuropean Axis mushure meHondo Yenyika II, iyo yakarambidza kushandiswa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvemakemikari mukugadzira maindasitiri, zvakaita se nitrocellulose, chinhu chisina kugadzirwa chinodiwa pakupenda nitrocellulose, iyo inogona kushandiswa kugadzira zvinoputika. Nekurambidzwa uku, makambani munyika idzi akatanga kutarisa pahunyanzvi hwekupenda enamel, vachigadzira sisitimu yekupenda acrylic urethane. Apo pendi dzeEurope dzakapinda muUnited States muna 1980, masisitimu ekupenda mota ekuAmerica akanga asiri emakwikwi eEurope.
Maitiro ekugadzira phosphate uye electrophoresis otomatiki ekutsvaga pendi yepamusoro
Makore makumi maviri mushure meHondo Yenyika II yaive nguva yekuwedzera kwemhando yependi yemuviri. Panguva iyi muUnited States, pamusoro pekufambisa, mota dzaivewo nepfungwa yekuvandudza chinzvimbo munharaunda, saka varidzi vemotokari vaida kuti mota dzavo dzitaridzike dzepamusoro, izvo zvaida kuti pendi iratidzike ichipenya uye ine mavara akanaka.
Kutanga muna 1947, makambani emotokari akatanga kushandisa simbi yakawanda asati aipenda, senzira yekuvandudza kunamira kwependi uye kuramba kwayo kukora. Iyo primer yakachinjwawo kubva pakuisa jira remvura kuita rekunyudza, zvinoreva kuti nhengo dzemuviri dzinonyikwa mudziva rependi, zvichiita kuti ive yakafanana uye jira racho rive rakakwana, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo dzakaoma kusvika dzakadai semakomba dzikwanisewo kupendwa.
Mumakore ekuma1950, makambani emotokari akaona kuti kunyangwe nzira yekufukidza nekudip yaishandiswa, chikamu chependi chaizoramba chichigezwa mukuita kwakatevera nezvinonyungudutsa, zvichideredza kushanda kwekudzivirira ngura. Kuti vagadzirise dambudziko iri, muna 1957, Ford vakabatana nePPG vachitungamirwa naDr. George Brewer vachitungamirwa. Vachitungamirwa naDr. George Brewer, Ford nePPG vakagadzira nzira yekufukidza ne electrodeposition iyo yava kushandiswa zvakanyanya mazuva ano.
Ford akabva atanga chitoro chekutanga chependi cheanodic electrophoretic pasi rose muna 1961. Zvisinei, tekinoroji yekutanga yakanga isina kunaka, uye PPG yakaunza sisitimu yepamusoro ye cathodic electrophoretic coating uye coatings dzakafanana nadzo muna 1973.
Pendi inogara kwenguva refu kuti ideredze kusvibiswa kwependi inobva mumvura
Pakati pema70s kusvika kumagumo, ruzivo rwekuchengetedza simba nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza rwakakonzereswa nedambudziko remafuta rwakakanganisawo indasitiri yekupenda. Kuma1980s, nyika dzakaisa mitemo mitsva ye volatile organic compound (VOC), iyo yakaita kuti ma coatings e acrylic pendi ane VOC yakawanda uye kugara kwenguva refu kusagamuchirwe nemusika. Pamusoro pezvo, vatengi vanotarisirawo kuti pendi yemuviri inogona kugara kwemakore mashanu, izvo zvinoda kugadzirisa kugara kwenguva refu kwependi.
Nerukoko rwelacquer rwakajeka serukoko rwekudzivirira, pendi yemukati haifanirwe kunge yakakora sepakutanga, chete rukoko rwakatetepa zvakanyanya runodiwa pakushongedza. Zvishandiso zveUV zvinowedzerwawo kurukoko rwelacquer kudzivirira mavara ari murukoko rwelacquer neprimer, zvichiwedzera hupenyu hweprimer nependi yemavara zvakanyanya.
Maitiro ekupenda pakutanga anodhura uye anowanzo shandiswa chete pamamodeli emhando yepamusoro. Uyewo, kugara kwenguva refu kweganda rakajeka kwaive kwakashata, uye raizokurumidza kupwanyika uye raizoda kupendwazve. Zvisinei, mumakore gumi akatevera, indasitiri yemotokari neindasitiri yekupenda zvakashanda kuvandudza tekinoroji yekupeta, kwete chete nekuderedza mutengo asiwo nekugadzira nzira itsva dzekugadzirisa pamusoro dzakavandudza zvakanyanya hupenyu hweganda rakajeka.
Tekinoroji yekupenda iri kuramba ichishamisa
Nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekugadzira machira mune ramangwana, vamwe vanhu vari muindasitiri vanotenda kuti tekinoroji iyi haipendi. Iyi tekinoroji yakapinda muhupenyu hwedu, uye magoko emidziyo yemazuva ese kusvika kumba akashandisa tekinoroji isina pendi. Magoko aya anowedzera ruvara rwakafanana neupfu hwesimbi husina mwero mukuita kwekugadzira majekiseni, zvichigadzira zvakananga magoko ane mavara akajeka uye magadzirirwo esimbi, ayo asingachadi kupendwa zvachose, zvichideredza kusvibiswa kunokonzerwa nekupenda. Zviri pachena kuti inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mumotokari, dzakadai sematrim, grille, magoko egirazi rekumashure, nezvimwewo.
Pfungwa yakafanana inoshandiswawo muchikamu chesimbi, zvinoreva kuti mune ramangwana, zvinhu zvesimbi zvinoshandiswa pasina kupenda zvinenge zvatova nechikamu chekudzivirira kana kunyange chikamu chemavara pafekitori. Tekinoroji iyi parizvino inoshandiswa muzvikamu zvendege nemauto, asi ichiri kure nekuwanikwa kuti ishandiswe nevanhuwo zvavo, uye hazvigoneke kupa mavara akasiyana-siyana.
Pfupiso: Kubva pamabhurashi kusvika kupfuti kusvika kumarobhoti, kubva pakupenda kwemiti yechisikigo kusvika pakupenda kwemakemikari epamusoro-soro, kubva pakutsvaga kushanda zvakanaka kusvika pakutsvaga mhando yepamusoro kusvika pakutsvaga hutano hwezvakatipoteredza, kutsvaga tekinoroji yekupenda muindasitiri yemotokari hakuna kumira, uye mwero wehunyanzvi uri kuramba uchikwira. Vapendi vaimbobata mabhurashi uye vachishanda munzvimbo dzakaoma vaisazotarisira kuti pendi yemotokari yanhasi yave yakakwira kudaro uye ichiri kufambira mberi. Remangwana richava nguva ine hushamwari kune zvakatipoteredza, yakangwara uye inoshanda zvakanaka.
Nguva yekutumira: Nyamavhuvhu-20-2022
