Paunoona mota, chaunotanga kuona chingava ruvara rwemuviri. Nhasi, kuva nependi inopenya inoyevedza ndeimwe yemitemo yakakosha yekugadzira mota. Asi anopfuura makore zana apfuura, kupenda motokari rakanga risiri basa riri nyore, uye rakanga risinganyanyi kunaka kupfuura zvariri nhasi. Pendi yemotokari yakashanduka sei kusvika pairi nhasi? Surley achakuudza nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yekupakata yemotokari.
Masekonzi gumi ekunzwisisa chinyorwa chizere:
1,Lacqueryakatanga kuChina, Kumadokero kwakatungamira mushure mekuchinja kwemaindasitiri.
2, Iyo yakasikwa base material pendi inooma zvishoma nezvishoma, inokanganisa kushanda kwekugadzira mota, DuPont yakagadzira kukurumidza kuomesa.nitro pendi.
3, Mwaya pfutiinotsiva mabhurashi, ichipa mamwe yunifomu pendi firimu.
4, Kubva alkyd kusvika acrylic, kutsvaka kugara uye kusiyana-siyana kuri kuenderera mberi .
5, Kubva pa "spraying" kusvika pa "dip coating"ne lacquer bath, kuenderera mberi kwekutsvaga kwehutano hwepende kunouya kune phosphating uye electrodeposition ikozvino.
6, Kutsiviwa nependi yemvuramukutsvaga kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza.
7, Iye zvino uye mune ramangwana, tekinoroji yekupenda iri kuramba ichiwedzera kupfuura fungidziro,kunyange pasina pendi.
Basa guru repende inopesana nekukwegura
Maonero evanhu vakawanda pamusoro pebasa repende nderokupa zvinhu mavara akajeka, asi kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yekugadzira maindasitiri, ruvara runonyanya kudiwa; ngura uye anti-kuchembera ndicho chinangwa chikuru. Kubva pamazuva ekutanga ekusanganiswa kwesimbi-huni kusvika kune yakachena simbi chena muviri wanhasi, muviri wemotokari unoda pendi sechidziviriro. Matambudziko anofanirwa kutariswa nependi ndeyekupfeka nekubvaruka kwechisikigo sezuva, jecha nemvura, kukuvara kwemuviri sekukwenya, kukwesha nekudhumhana, nekukukurwa kwemunyu nedoro remhuka. Mukushanduka kwe tekinoroji yekupenda, maitiro ari kukura zvishoma nezvishoma uye akasimba uye akasimba uye akanaka matehwe kuti basa remuviri riite zvirinani kusangana nematambudziko aya.
Lacquer kubva kuChina
Lacquer ine nhoroondo refu kwazvo uye, zvinonyadzisa, chinzvimbo chinotungamira mune tekinoroji yelacquer yaive yeChina pamberi peRevolution Revolution. Kushandiswa kwelacquer kwakatanga kusvika kunguva yeNeolithic, uye mushure menguva yeWarring States, mhizha dzakashandisa tung mafuta akabudiswa kubva kumbeu yemuti we tung uye akawedzera lacquer yakasikwa yakasikwa kuti iite musanganiswa wependi, kunyange zvazvo panguva iyoyo lacquer yaiva. chinhu cheumbozha chevakuru. Mushure mekugadzwa kweMing Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang akatanga kumisa indasitiri yehurumende yelacquer, uye tekinoroji yependi yakagadziridzwa nekukurumidza. Basa rekutanga reChinese pa tekinoroji yependi, "Bhuku rePainting", rakanyorwa naHuang Cheng, mugadziri welacquer muMing Dynasty. Nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi uye kutengeserana kwemukati nekunze, lacquerware yakagadzira yakakura indasitiri yezvigadzirwa zvemaoko muMing Dynasty.
Iyo yakanyanya kuomesesa tung pendi yemafuta eMing Dynasty yaive kiyi yekugadzira ngarava. Imwe nyanzvi yeSpain yezana remakore rechigumi nematanhatu Mendoza yakataura mu "Nhoroondo yeGreater China Empire" kuti ngarava dzeChinese dzakaputirwa nemafuta e-tung dzaive nekaviri urefu hwehupenyu hwezvikepe zveEurope.
Pakati pezana ramakore rechi 18, Europe yakazotsemuka nekuziva tekinoroji yependi yeoiri yetung, uye indasitiri yependi yekuEurope yakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma. Mafuta etung, kunze kwekushandiswa kugadzira lacquer, aivewo akakosha kune mamwe maindasitiri, achiri kutongwa neChina, uye akave akakosha maindasitiri ezvekuchinja kwemaindasitiri kusvika kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, pakasimwa miti. muNorth neSouth America zvakatanga, izvo zvakatadzisa China kutora zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa.
Kuomesa hakuchatori mazuva anosvika makumi mashanu
Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 20, mota dzainge dzichiri kugadzirwa pachishandiswa pendi dzechisikigo dzakaita semafuta ane linseed sebhainda.
Kunyangwe Ford, iyo yakapayona mutsara wekugadzira kugadzira mota, yakashandisa pendi nhema yeJapan chete kusvika pakunyanyisa kuitira kuti iite kukurumidza kugadzira nekuti inoomesa nekukurumidza, asi mushure mezvose, ichiri pendi yechisikigo, uye pendi. inoda kupfuura vhiki kuti iome.
Mumakore ekuma1920, DuPont yakashanda pakuomesa nitrocellulose pendi (aka nitrocellulose pendi) yakaita kuti vagadziri vemotokari vanyemwerere, vasingachafaniri kushanda pamotokari dzine pendi yakareba kudaro.
Pakazosvika 1921, DuPont yakanga yatove mutungamiri mukugadzira mafirimu emifananidzo ye nitrate, sezvayakashandura kune nitrocellulose-based non-explosives zvigadzirwa kuti itore hukuru hwezvivakwa hwayakanga yavaka munguva yehondo. Pamasikati eChishanu kuchipisa muna Chikunguru 1921, mushandi wepaDuPont film plant akasiya dhiramu re nitrate cotton fiber pachiteshi asati abva kubasa. Paakarivhura zvakare Muvhuro mangwanani, akawana kuti bhaketi rakanga rashanduka kuita mvura yakachena, inopenya iyo yaizova hwaro hwependi ye<em>nitrocellulose. Muna 1924, DuPont yakagadzira DUCO nitrocellulose pendi, ichishandisa nitrocellulose sechinhu chikuru mbishi uye ichiwedzera masynthetic resin, plasticizers, solvents uye thinners kuti isanganise. Kubatsira kukuru kwependi ye nitrocellulose ndeyokuti inomesa nokukurumidza, kana ichienzaniswa nependi yechisikigo iyo inotora vhiki kana mavhiki kuti iome, nitrocellulose pendi inongotora maawa maviri kuti iome, ichiwedzera zvikuru kukurumidza kwekupenda. muna 1924, inenge yose mitsara yekugadzira yeGeneral Motors yakashandisa Duco nitrocellulose pendi.
Nomuzvarirwo, nitrocellulose pendi ine zvipingamupinyi zvayo. Kana yakapfapfaidzwa munzvimbo ine hunyoro, iyo firimu inoshanduka kuve chena nyore uye kurasikirwa nekupenya kwayo. Iyo pendi yakaumbwa ine corrosion resistance kune petroleum-based solvents, sepeturu, inogona kukuvadza pendi, uye gasi remafuta rinobuda panguva yekuwedzera mafuta rinogona kukurumidza kuparara kwependi yakatenderedza.
Kutsiviwa kwemabhurashi nepfuti yekupfapfaidza kugadzirisa asina kuenzana akaturikidzana ependi
Mukuwedzera kune maitiro epende pachayo, nzira yekupenda inokoshawo kune simba uye kusimba kwependi yepamusoro. Kushandiswa kwepfuti dzekupfapfaidza chaive chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo yehunyanzvi hwekupenda. Pfuti yekupfapfaidza yakaunzwa zvizere mumunda wekupenda maindasitiri muna 1923 uye muindasitiri yemotokari muna 1924.
Mhuri yeDeVilbiss nekudaro yakagadzira DeVilbiss, kambani ine mukurumbira pasirese inorapa tekinoroji yeatomization. Gare gare, mwanakomana waAlan DeVilbiss, Tom DeVilbiss, akaberekwa. Mwanakomana waDr. Alan DeVilbiss, Tom DeVilbiss, akatora kugadzirwa kwababa vake kupfuura nzvimbo yezvokurapa. DeVilbiss akatora zvigadzirwa zvababa vake kupfuura nzvimbo yekurapa uye akashandura atomizer yekutanga kuita pfuti yekupfapfaidza yekushandisa pendi.
Mumunda wekupenda maindasitiri, mabhurashi ari kukurumidza kupera basa nepfuti dzekupfapfaidza. DeVilbiss anga achishanda mumunda weatomization kweanopfuura makore zana uye iye zvino ndiye mutungamiri mumunda wepfuti dzekupfapfaidza maindasitiri uye maatomizer ekurapa.
Kubva ku alkyd kusvika ku acrylic, yakasimba uye yakasimba
Mumakore ekuma1930, alkyd resin enamel pendi, inonzi alkyd enamel pendi, yakaunzwa mumutambo wekupenda wemotokari. Masimbi emutumbi wemotokari akapfapfaidzwa nependi yerudzi urwu ndokuzoomeswa muchoto kuita firimu rependi rakasimba kwazvo. Kana ichienzaniswa nependi ye nitrocellulose, alkyd enamel pendi inokurumidza kuiswa, inoda matanho maviri kusvika matatu chete kana ichienzaniswa nematanho matatu kusvika mana ependi ye nitrocellulose. Enamel pendi haisi kungooma nokukurumidza, asiwo inopesana nemishonga yakadai se petrol.
Izvo zvisingabatsiri zvealkyd enamels, zvisinei, ndezvekuti vanotya chiedza chezuva, uye muchiedza chezuva firimu repende richave rakasvibiswa pamwero wekukurumidza uye ruvara ruchakurumidza kupera uye rusina simba, dzimwe nguva izvi zvinogona kunge zviri mukati memwedzi mishomanana. . Pasinei nekukanganisa kwavo, alkyd resins haana kubviswa zvachose uye achiri chikamu chakakosha chemazuva ano ekuputira teknolojia. Thermoplastic acrylic pendi yakaonekwa muma1940, ichivandudza zvakanyanya kushongedza uye kusimba kwekupedzisa, uye muna 1955, General Motors vakatanga kupenda mota neresin nyowani yeacrylic. Iyo rheology yepende iyi yaive yakasarudzika uye yaida kupfapfaidza pane yakaderera solids yemukati, nekudaro ichida akawanda majasi. Hunhu uhwu hwaiita sehusina kunaka hwaive hwakanakira panguva iyoyo nekuti hwaibvumira kuiswa kwesimbi dzesimbi mujasi. Iyo acrylic varnish yakapfapfaidzwa neyakanyanya kuderera kwekutanga viscosity, ichibvumira iyo simbi flakes kuti igadzikane pasi kuti iite reflective layer, uye ipapo viscosity yakawedzera nekukurumidza kubata simbi inoputika panzvimbo. Nokudaro, pendi yesimbi yakazvarwa.
Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti nguva iyi yakaona kufambira mberi kwakamwe kamwe mu acrylic pendi tekinoroji muEurope. Izvi zvakabva pazvirambidzo zvakatemerwa nyika dzeEuropean Axis mushure meHondo Yenyika II, iyo yairambidza kushandiswa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvemakemikari mukugadzira maindasitiri, senge nitrocellulose, chinhu mbishi chinodiwa pendi yenitrocellulose, inogona kushandiswa kugadzira zvinoputika. Nekurambidzwa uku, makambani ari munyika idzi akatanga kutarisa tekinoroji yependi yeenamel, kugadzira acrylic urethane pendi system. apo pendi dzeEurope dzakapinda muUnited States muna 1980, masisitimu ependi emotokari eAmerica akanga ari kure nevakwikwidzi veEurope.
Automated process ye phosphating uye electrophoresis yekutsvaga yemhando yepamusoro yependi
Makumi maviri emakore mushure meHondo Yenyika II yaive nguva yekuwedzera kunaka kwekupfeka kwemuviri. Panguva ino muUnited States, kunze kwezvokufambisa, motokari dzaivewo nechimiro chekuvandudza magariro evanhu, saka varidzi vemotokari vaida kuti motokari dzavo dzitaridzike zvakanyanya, izvo zvaida kuti pendi iite seyakanyanya kupenya uye mune mamwe mavara akanaka.
Kutanga muna 1947, makambani emotokari akatanga phosphatize nzvimbo dzesimbi vasati vapenda, senzira yekuvandudza kunamatira uye kusagadzikana kwependi. Iyo primer yakashandurwa zvakare kubva kupfapfaidza kusvika kune dip coating, izvo zvinoreva kuti nhengo dzemuviri dzakanyikwa mudziva repende, zvichiita kuti ive yunifomu uye kupfekedzwa kuzere, kuve nechokwadi chekuti nzvimbo dzakaoma-kusvika senge makomba anogona zvakare kupendwa. .
Mumakore ekuma1950, makambani emotokari akawana kuti kunyange zvazvo nzira yekuputira dip yakashandiswa, chikamu chepende chaizoramba chichigezwa kubva mumuitiro unotevera nezvinonyungudutsa, zvichideredza kushanda kwekudzivirira ngura. Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, muna 1957, Ford yakabatana nePPG pasi pehutungamiri hwaDr. George Brewer. Pasi peutungamiri hwaDr. George Brewer, Ford nePPG vakagadzira electrodeposition coating method iyo yava kushandiswa.
Ford yakabva yatanga chitoro chekutanga chepasi rose cheanodic electrophoretic pendi muna 1961. Tekinoroji yekutanga yaive isina kukwana, zvisinei, uye PPG yakaunza yepamusoro cathodic electrophoretic coating system uye inoenderana machira mu1973.
Pendi kuti igare yakanaka kuderedza kusvibiswa kwependi ine mvura
Pakati pekupedzisira 70's, ruzivo rwekuchengetedza simba uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kwakaunzwa nedambudziko remafuta kwakavewo nekukanganisa kukuru paindasitiri yependi. Mumakore ekuma80s, nyika dzakadzika mirau mitsva ine volatile organic compound (VOC), iyo yakaita kuti acrylic pendi yependi ine yakakwira VOC zvemukati uye kusimba kusimba kusagamuchirwe kumusika. Pamusoro pezvo, vatengi vanotarisirawo pendi yemuviri kuti igare makore mashanu, izvo zvinoda kugadzirisa kusimba kwependi kupera.
Iine yakajeka lacquer layer sechidziviriro chidziviriro, iyo yemukati ruvara pendi haidi kuve yakakora sepakutanga, ingori yakaonda yakanyanyisa layer inodiwa nekuda kwekushongedza. UV absorbers inowedzerwawo kune lacquer layer kuchengetedza pigment mumucheka wakajeka uye primer, zvakanyanya kuwedzera hupenyu hwekutanga uye pendi yemavara.
Nzira yekupenda pakutanga inodhura uye inowanzoshandiswa chete pamhando dzepamusoro-soro. Zvakare, kusimba kwebhachi rakajeka kwaive kwakashata, uye raizokurumidza kubvaruka uye zvinoda kupendwazve. Mumakore gumi akatevera, zvisinei, indasitiri yemotokari neindasitiri yependi yakashanda kuvandudza tekinoroji yekukochekera, kwete chete nekudzikisa mutengo asiwo nekugadzira mitsva yekurapa pamusoro iyo yakavandudza zvinoshamisa hupenyu hwejasi rakajeka.
Iyo inowedzera inoshamisa yekupenda tekinoroji
Future coating mainstream development maitiro, vamwe vanhu muindasitiri vanotenda kuti kwete-pendi tekinoroji. Iyi tekinoroji yakanyatsopinda muhupenyu hwedu, uye mabhomba emazuva ese kumidziyo yemumba akashandisa tekinoroji yekusapenda. Iwo mabhomba anowedzera ruvara runoenderana nano-level simbi poda mukuita jekiseni rekugadzira, achigadzira zvakananga mateko ane mavara akajeka uye simbi yesimbi, iyo isingachadi kupendwa zvachose, ichideredza zvakanyanya kusvibiswa kunogadzirwa nekupenda. Nomuzvarirwo, inoshandiswawo zvakanyanya mumotokari, senge trim, grille, rearview mirror shells, nezvimwe.
Nheyo yakafanana inoshandiswa muchikamu chesimbi, izvo zvinoreva kuti mune ramangwana, zvinhu zvesimbi zvinoshandiswa pasina kupenda zvinenge zvatova nekudzivirira kana kunyange ruvara rwemavara pafekitari. Iyi tekinoroji parizvino inoshandiswa munzvimbo dzeaerospace nemauto, asi ichiri kure nekuwanikwa kuti ishandiswe nevanhu, uye hazvigoneke kupa huwandu hwakasiyana hwemavara.
Summary: Kubva pamabhurashi kuenda kupfuti kusvika kumarobhoti, kubva kupendi yezvirimwa zvechisikigo kusvika kupendi yemakemikari epamusoro, kubva pakutsvaga kushanda zvakanaka kusvika pakutsvaga kwemhando yepamusoro kusvika pakutsvaga hutano hwezvakatipoteredza, kutsvaga tekinoroji yekupenda muindasitiri yemotokari hakuna kumira, uye dhigirii yetekinoroji iri kuramba ichikwira nekukwira. Vapendi vaimbobata mabhurasho uye vachishanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma havangatarisiri kuti pendi yemotokari yemazuva ano yave yemhando yepamusoro uye ichiri kusimukira. Ramangwana richava nguva ine hushamwari, yakangwara uye inoshanda.
Nguva yekutumira: Aug-20-2022
